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道Nihongo Path
N4Lesson 31 of 438 min

Plain form: everyday Japanese

The ます form is polite. Plain form is the default everywhere else, and N4 is built on it.

Everything in the N5 module used ます and です. That is correct, safe, and slightly formal. Between friends, in writing, in film subtitles, and inside almost every piece of complex grammar, Japanese uses the plain form instead. This is the step from careful sentences to natural ones.

The dictionary form

This is the form you find in a dictionary, and the plain present. Going back from ます is mechanical.

Groupます formPlain (dictionary)Rule
Group 2食べます食べるます → る
Group 2見ます見るます → る
Group 1飲みます飲むi-sound → u-sound
Group 1書きます書くき → く
Group 1話します話すし → す
Group 3しますするirregular
Group 3来ます来るirregular

The four plain forms

Each polite form has a plain counterpart. This table is the core of N4, so come back to it often.

MeaningPolitePlainExample (食べる)
Present食べますdictionary form食べる
Negative食べませんない form食べない
Past食べましたた form食べた
Past negative食べませんでしたなかった form食べなかった

Plain です

PolitePlainNote
学生です学生だだ is often dropped entirely in casual speech
学生じゃないです学生じゃない
学生でした学生だった
静かです静かだな-adjectives behave like nouns here
高いです高いい-adjectives drop です with nothing added